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Friday, May 20, 2011

get ready for immediate strike if situation warrants

After the total failure of Speed Post Hub Experiment.....McKInsey Model Hubs for first class mails also!!!NUMBER OF SORTING OFFICERS WILL BE REDUCED TO 77.
Proposed set of level-1 Sorting Centres for First Class Mail (Ordinary & Registered)


Tamil Nadu: Chennai, Villupuram, Tiruchy, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Erode, Salem, Coimbatore
get ready for immediate strike if situation warrants

strike date will be advanced if department go ahead withimplementation of mckinsey reforms:five lakhs postal employees of india postin one voice declare:

indefinite strike from 2011 July 5th
1946 july entire p&t employees went on indefinite strike against the British imperialism

in 2011 july entire postal employees are going ahead for another indefinite strike against the imperialist globalization policies and the us-based mckinsey reforms in india post

we don’t want the foreign consultant to decide our fatemckinsey is for privatisation of india postwe shall oppose it lock stock and barrelwe are ready to sacrifice to save india postprepare for a determined and uncompromising struggle make the may 25th dharna programme a grand success.organise circle level joint conventions of nfpe & fnpo participate in the june 19th all india joint convention at chennai.

details in nfpe.blogspot.com



Thursday, May 19, 2011

Central staff seek seventh Pay Commission


Hyderabad, May 16: Stating that central government employees were not happy with the recommendations of the 6th pay commission, SK Vyas, president of the Confederation of Central Government Employees and Workers (CCGEW), demanded constitution of 7th pay commission to resolve problems of employees. He was speaking at a state-level convention of CCGEW here on Sunday.

KKN Kutti, secretary general of CCGEW was also present.

Source: siasat

Central Civil Services – Leave Rules

FR & SR Part III

Central Civil Services – Leave Rules
1. Short title and commencement

(1) These rules may be called the Central Civil Services (Leave)

Rules, 1972.

(2) They shall come into force on the 1st

day of June, 1972.

2. Extent of application
Save as otherwise provided in these rules, these rules shall apply to

Government servants appointed to the civil services and posts in connection with the affairs of the Union, but shall not apply to-

(a) Railway servants;

(b) persons in casual or daily-rated or part-time employment;

(c) persons paid from contingencies;

(d) workmen employed in industrial establishments;
(e) persons employed in work-charged establishments;
(f) members of the All India Services;

(g) persons locally recruited for service in Diplomatic, Consular or
other Indian establishments in foreign countries;
(h) persons employed on contract except when the contract provides

otherwise;

(i) persons in respect of whom special provisions have been made

by or under the provisions of the Constitution or any other law
for the time being in force;

(j) persons governed, for purposes of leave, by the Fundamental

Rules or the Civil Service Regulations;

(k) persons serving under a Central Government Department, on

deputation from a State Government or any other source, for a limited duration.



rule 7(1) – Leave cannot be claimed as of right.

Rule 7(2) – The leave sanctioning authority may refuse or revoke leave of any kind, but cannot alter the kind of leave due and applied for.

  Rule 10(i) – Leave of one kind taken earlier may be converted into leave of a different kind at a later date at the request of the official and at the discretion of the authority who granted the leave. For example, extraordinary leave may be retrospectively converted into leave not due and earned leave into half pay leave or earned leave on MC into commuted leave, as the case may be. The Government servant should apply for such conversion within thirty days of completion of the relevant spell of leave. This, however, cannot be claimed s a matter of right by the official.



Rule 10, GID - Conversion of one kind of leave into leave of a different kind is permissible only when applied for thy the official while in service and not after quitting service.



Rule 32(6) – Leave sanctioning authority may commute retrospectively periods of absence without leave into Extraordinary leave.



Rule 12 – No leave of any kind can be granted for a continuous period exceeding five years except with the sanction of the President.



Rule 13 – An official on leave should not take up any service or employment elsewhere without obtaining prior sanction of the Competent Authority.



Rule 19(1) – Grant of Leave on Medical grounds. – Government servant (Gazetted or non-Gazetted) – (1) who is CGHS beneficiary and resending within the limits of CGHS at the time of illness should produce medical certificate/fitness certificate from a CGHS doctor.



Rule 19(2) – Who is not CGHS beneficiary and CGHS beneficiaries



who proceed outside the Headquarter on duty, leave etc., should produce the certificate from AMA, and in such cases, a non-Gazetted Government servant may produce



certificate from RMP if there is no AMA if there is no AMA available within a



radius of 8 kms of his residence.



Where a non-Gazetted Government servant finds it difficult to



obtain Medical Certificate / Fitness Certificate from CGHS / AMA, the leave sanctioning authority may consider grant of leave on the basis of the certificate from an



RMP after taking into account the circumstances of the case.





Rule 19(3) – In the case of hospitalization / indoor treatment



permitted in a private hospital recognized under the CGHS CS (MA) Rules, a Government servant (Gazetted or non-Gazetted) may produce



MC / FC from the authorized Doctor in such a hospital in case his hospitalization / indoor treatment is on account of the particular kind of disease (e.g. heart,



cancer, etc.,) for the treatment of which the concerned Hospital has been recognized. This relaxation is not admissible is case of any day-to-day / outdoor treatment or



indoor treatment in respect of any other disease.



Leave sanctioning authority any secure second medical opinion if



considered necessary – Rule





Rule 24 (3) and Rule 19 – A Government servant who is on leave



on medical certificate will be permitted to return to duty only on production of a medical certificate of fitness from the AMA / CGHS



Doctor/Registered Medical Practitioner, as the case may be.





Rule 25(1) – Overstayal of leave without proper sanction, will be



debited against the HPL account of the Government servant to the extent HPL is due and the excess treated as EOL. No leave salary



is admissible for the entire period of overstayal and the period of such overstayal will not count for increment, leave and pension.





Rule 25(2) – Wilful absence from duty after the expiry of leave



renders a Government servant liable to disciplinary action.





Rule 25(1) – Absence without leave not in continuation of any



authorized leave will constitute an interruption of service unless it is regularized.





Rule 20(2) – Permanently incapacitated Government servants not



to be invalided. – A Government servant who has been permanently incapacitated from Government service on account of mental or



physical disability shall not be invalided or reduced in rank. If he is not suitable ofr the present post, he could be shifted to some other post with the same pay



scale and service benefits post becomes available or his superannuation, whichever is earlier. No promotion shall be denied.







Kinds of Leave:-

EARNED LEAVE

HALF PAY LEAVE

COMMUTED LEAVE

LEAVE NOT DUE

EXTRAORDINARY LEAVE

LEAVE ENTITLEMENT FOR VACATION DEPARTMENT STAFF

MATERNITY LEAVE

PATERNITY LEAVE

LEAVE TO FEMALE ON ADOPTION OF

CHLID

CHILD CARE LEAVE

SPECIAL DISABILITY LEAVE

HOSPITAL LEAVE

STUDY LEAVE

Wednesday, May 18, 2011

Expected Dearness Allowance from July, 2011



The Government has released the price index for the last three months.

Jan-11 188 2127 177.25 61.49 53.12 53


Feb-11 185 2142 178.50 62.74 54.20 54

Mar-11 185 2157 179.75 63.99 55.28 55

           As per this, an increase from 51% to 55% is expected till March 2011. It may be increased as we wait for the next three months calculation on Index prices. If it continues to be this, the Dearness Allowance may be 56% to 57%.

                  If the Government successfully maintained the price increase and the AICPIN falls, the Dearness Allowance may be restricted to 54% or 55%.


          on the price raise of petrol and diesel or cooking gas, automatically the price index also increase, in this condition the Dearness Allowance may be increased upto 57% to 58%.

OUR VIEW:- Everybody wants the Government makes strict actions to maintain the prices of essential commodities rather than increasing Dearness Allowance which in no way helps anyone.

Saturday, May 7, 2011

EVERYONE SHOULD KNOW ABOUT MCKINSEY


                   The Department of Posts has engaged MCKinsey, the multinational Consultancy for recommending the structural reorganization of the Dept of Posts and the McKinsey is issuing dictums to the Circle heads who themselves say helpless and many unwarranted changes are taking place in the post offices, RMS offices. The creation of speed post hub and the proposal for delivery hub for first class mails are the glaring examples of unsuitability of the consultants for our India Post which had its own adverse effect in the department. Let us know short about this concern so that one can understand why we are protesting and launching struggles to save postal department as Government service.

               Mckinsey & co was founded in Chicago in 1926 by James O. Mckinsey. No doubt it is one of the leading Management consultancy which suits the countries adopting capitalism, globalization policies. It advocates the method of Privatization, Public Private Partnership, Globalization polices etc. There are many big concerns collapsed after they were engaging it as their consultants. 'Enron' was one of the biggest firms collapsed after they engaged Mckinsey as consultants. The CEO, Enron Sri. Jeff Skilling was sentenced to 24 years in federal prison. 'Swiss air' was another which entered bankruptcy after the Mckinsey recommended the 'The Hunter strategy'. 'Railtrack', the British railway company also collapsed after following Mckinsey's advice to reduce spending on infrastructure and return cash to share holders instead, after which there was a number of fatal accidents. There are cellular phone companies worst hit due its Mckinsey Reforms.

               Mckinsey is a named defendant in Hurricane Katrina litigation for the advice to insurance companies to stop premium leakage by undervaluing claims using the tactics of 'deny, delay and defend."

                  Several civil suits have been filed against home insurance and vehicle insurance companies after the insurers were advised by Mckinsey and allegedly paid the insurance parties significantly less than the actual value of the damage, Mckinsey was cited in a February 2007 CNN article with developing controversial car insurance practices used by State Farm and All state in the mid 1990s to avoid paying claims involving Soft tissue injury. The List will become tail like General Electronic CO, Minnaepolis Public Schools etc. There are many books and articles written by various eminent economist and others about the series of blunders and disasters alleged to have been Mckinsey's consultant's fault.

Mckinsey & Postal

                     If you go through industry insight of Mckinsey, you can find the following which will alone exhibits its recommendations to be made for India Posts on privatization and dismantle the existing Government Service.

"Postal, Express, and Parcel Services"
                         "In addition to new technologies and systems, globalizations, deregulation, and privatization have been the key drivers of change in the post and express world over the past two decades.

                           Numerous postal companies have successfully navigated the path of privatization from state monopolies to become listed companies. Others are poised to being this journey. The challenges are huge.

                           A clear strategy, supported by strong management, detailed planning, and transparent processes, is vital to a corporate transformation. We help our clients identify and pursue growth opportunities in all relevant market segments, both domestically and abroad. We support them as they position themselves to meet regulatory requirements and accompany them on the road to successful privatization. We support them in developing strategies to optimize value-add operations and processes and in implementing performance-management and staff-development systems."


      
No Exaggeration. The above were only the experts from the web site of Mckinsey


                    The Mckinsey who was the consulting agency for U. S. Postal Service, has suggested to change a law requiring changes in delivery six days a week to three days and closure of post offices. It suggested trimming 6 day delivery by one day, to five days a week which was resisted by law makers in March 2010.

                    Originally, it proposed that 'the U. S. Postal Service, facing $ 238 billion budget deficit by 2020, should consider cutting delivery to as few as three days a week. It said that in Jan 2010, it reviewed 162 Post offices, stations and branches for possible closing in current year.

                           Both the Unions in U. S. Postal Service objected strongly about the elimination of Saturday delivery. William Burns, the President of American Postal workers union referring to the erosion of customer confidence has commented that "it will be the beginning of the demise of the Postal Service. They have already made a lot of cost savings, a lot on the backs of my union, which we understand. But what's the next step? Do you go to four days a week, three days? Once you establish the financial problems, it is never ending."

                        The following is the extracts from one of the Journal 'Postal Trend watch' about the recommendations of consultancy agency on US Postal Service.

                                    The report also proposed reducing postal wages and benefits as a means of cutting costs. Although the Postal Service is required to maintain compensation comparable to the private sector, decades of economic research suggest that unionized Postal Workers are paid about third more than analogous private sector workers. With benefits, the compensation premium for Postal workers can exceed 40 percent."

                From the above, we can very well understand the policies of such consultant companies.


                   About India Post
               "Studies by Mckinsey and others have pointed out that, in the future, India Post will be great vehicle for public-private partnerships. Following models of liberalization undertaken in other countries, some planes look to debundling the owner, operator, and regulator functions of India Post.


           India Post's huge distribution network – the largest in the world – may be its most significant asset in any future partnership with either private-sector concerns or with other government agencies.


         The national Postal Policy statement on India Post's Web site explains that "The new economy and modern markets require [the postal service] to become more financially autonomous and commercially flexible in order to deliver its core functions and other services." To that end, India Post has continued to look for new revenue-producing projects and the volume of traditional letter and parcel mail shrinks."


          The Mckinsey & Co recommended expanded partnership with Private industry, like retail location and kiosks, Mckinsey commented about the required law changes that "actions in any one area will not be enough to close the gap." Among other recommendations in the report would be ending doorstep delivery of mail and a shift to clustered mail boxes in residential areas, creating new products and services to increase revenue, and developing hybrid mail products that integrate electronic mail with Postal service Products and services.

         From the above, one can very well understand the consultancy service to whom our India Post engaged. The continuous struggles of AP circles and the recent three days strike in Chennai GPO and the chaos conditions proposed in Bangalore GPO are sufficient to know about the consultancy.



                        Are we going to remain silent and allow things as mute spectator?  Or resist the move with our unity and save the Postal Service as Govt. service. This is the million dollar question before us.

                       Okay comrades. Be donning the battle dress. Keep our gun powder dry to meet the eventualities.

source : nfpe.blogspot.com

Tuesday, May 3, 2011

Chennai P- 4 Comrades Resisted Mckency Reform 3 Days Strike at Chennai G.P.O.



FLASH NEWS


            Mckency people visited Chennai GPO and they started giving instructions to the delivery staff. They instructed that the two batch system existing at Chennai GPO for delivery of Registered and Un-Registered articles should be clubbed together and it should be made single batch system. They gave instructions even to the higher level officers to implement their orders. They started threatening staff just like Police .Our Officers simply obeyed them and are helpless
 
             Entire Postmen Staff of Chennai GPO stopped working protesting the intervention and high handedness of Mckency's people. Massive protest demonstration took place in front of Chennai GPO and CPMG Office.
            Finally the administration came down and held discussion with the leaders. It was assured that the Mckency's Reform will not be implemented unilaterally and status quo will be restored.
                NFPE congratulate the Chennai P-4 Comrades for their Heroic resistance to the Mckency and also for the great victory.


M.Krishnan

Secretary General NFPE

Monday, May 2, 2011

родрооிро┤роХрод்родிро▓் рооேродிройроо் -роЖродி



роЕрооெро░ிроХ்роХாро╡ிро▓் 1880роо் роЖрог்роЯுроХро│ிро▓் роОроЯ்роЯு роорогி роиேро░ ро╡ேро▓ைроХ்роХோро░ிроХ்роХைропை рооுрой்ро╡ைрод்родு ро╡ேро▓ை роиிро▒ுрод்родроЩ்роХро│் роироЯைрокெро▒ுро╡родро▒்роХு рооுрой்рокே, 1862роо் роЖрог்роЯிро▓் роЗрои்род роХோро░ிроХ் роХைроХ்роХாроХ ро╣ெро│ро░ாро╡ிро▓் ро░ропிро▓்ро╡ே родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│் ро╡ேро▓ை роиிро▒ுрод்родрод்родிро▓் роИроЯுрокроЯ்роЯройро░். роЗродுродாрой்роЗрои்родிропாро╡ிро▓் роироЯрои்род рооுродро▓் ро╡ேро▓ை роиிро▒ுрод்родрок்рокோро░ாроЯ்роЯроо்.

родрооிро┤роХрод்родிро▓், роЪெрой்ройை рокெро░роо்рокூро░் ро░ропிро▓்ро╡ே рокрогிрооройை ропைроЪ் роЪேро░்рои்род 3000 родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│் 1893роо் роЖрог்роЯிро▓் ро╡ேро▓ை роиிро▒ுрод்родрод்родிро▓் роИроЯுрокроЯ்роЯройро░்.

родрооிро┤роХрод்родிро▓் родேроЪ ро╡ிроЯுродро▓ைрок் рокோро░ாроЯ்роЯрод்родுроЯрой் роЪேро░்рои்родு, родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░் ро╡ேро▓ை роиிро▒ுрод்родроЩ்роХро│ுроо் роиிро▒ைроп роироЯைрокெро▒்ро▒рой. роЗро╡ро▒்ро▒ிро▓் рокро░ро╡ро▓ாроХ родிро░ு.ро╡ி.роХ., ро╡.роЙ.роЪிродроо்рокро░ройாро░், роЪிроЩ்роХாро░ро╡ேро▓ро░் роЙро│்ро│ிроЯ்роЯோро░் рокроЩ்роХுрокெро▒்ро▒ройро░்.

1908роо் роЖрог்роЯு родூрод்родுроХ்роХுроЯிропிро▓் роХோро░ро▓் рооிро▓் родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░் роХро│் рокோро░ாроЯ்роЯроо் роироЯைрокெро▒்ро▒родு. роЕроЩ்роХு рокрогிрокுро░ிрои்род 1695 родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│ிро▓் рокெро░ுроо்рокாро▓ாройோро░் 16 ро╡ропродிро▒்роХு роЙроЯ் рокроЯ்роЯро╡ро░்роХро│். роЕродாро╡родு роЙроЩ்роХро│ைрок் рокோрой்ро▒ роЪிро▒ுро╡ро░்роХро│். роЕро╡ро░் роХро│் роТро╡்ро╡ொро░ு роиாро│ுроо் 14 роорогி роиேро░роо் роЙро┤ைроХ்роХ ро╡ேрог்роЯிропிро░ுрои் родродு. роЗро╡ро░்роХро│ிроЯைропே рокிрок்ро░ро╡ро░ி 23роЖроо் роиாро│் ро╡.роЙ.роЪிродроо்рокро░ройாро░் роОро┤ுроЪ்роЪிрооிроХ்роХ роЙро░ைропாро▒்ро▒ிройாро░். роЗродைропроЯுрод்родு ро╡ேро▓ைроиிро▒ுрод்родроо் родொроЯроЩ்роХிропродு. ро╡ேро▒ு ро╡ро┤ிропிрой்ро▒ி роЖро▓ை роиிро░்ро╡ாроХроо் рокேроЪ்роЪு ро╡ாро░்род்родைроХ்роХு ро╡рои்родродு. родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЪроо்рокро│ роЙропро░்ро╡ு, ро╡ேро▓ை роиேро░роо் роХுро▒ைрок்рокு ро╡ாро░роо் роТро░ு роиாро│் ро╡ிроЯுрооுро▒ை рокோрой்ро▒ роЙро░ிрооைроХро│ை ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХிропродு.

‘рооெроЯ்ро░ாро╕் ро▓ேрокро░் ропூройிропрой்’ роОройுроо் родொро┤ிро▒்роЪроЩ்роХрод்родை ро░ாрооாроЮ்роЪро▓ு, роЪெро▓்ро╡рокродி роЖроХிропோро░் ро╡ாроЯிропா, родிро░ு.ро╡ி.роХ. роЖроХி ропோро░ுроЯрой் роЗрогைрои்родு 1918роо் роЖрог்роЯு роПрок்ро░ро▓் 27роо் роиாро│் родொроЯроЩ்роХிройро░். родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЙро░ிрооைропை роиிро▓ைроиாроЯ்роЯ родрооிро┤роХрод்родிро▓் родோрой்ро▒ிроп рооுродро▓் родொро┤ிро▒்роЪроЩ்роХроо் роЗродுродாрой்.

родெрой்ройிрои்родிропாро╡ிрой் рооுродро▓் рокொродுро╡ுроЯைрооைрод் родро▓ைро╡ро░் роОрой்ро▒ு роЪிро▒рок்рокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо் роЪிроЩ்роХாро░ро╡ேро▓ро░், 1923роо் роЖрог்роЯு рооே родிройрод்родைроХ் роХொрог்роЯாроЯрод்родிроЯ்роЯрооிроЯ்роЯாро░். роЕрои்род роЖрог்роЯு роЪெрой்ройை роЙропро░்роиீродிроорой்ро▒роо் роОродிро░ே роЗро░ுрои்род роХроЯро▒்роХро░ைропிро▓ுроо், роХிро░ுро╖்рогроЪாрооி родро▓ைрооைропிро▓் родிро░ுро╡ро▓்ро▓ிроХ்роХேрогி роХроЯро▒்роХро░ை ропிро▓ுроо் рооேродிройроХ்роХூроЯ்роЯроЩ்роХро│் ро╡ெро▒்ро▒ிроХро░рооாроХ роироЯைрокெро▒்ро▒рой. роЗро╡ைродாрой் роЗрои்родிропாро╡ிрой் рооுродро▓் рооேродிройроХ் роХொрог்роЯாроЯ்роЯроЩ் роХро│ாроХроХ் роХро░ுродрок்рокроЯுроХிрой்ро▒рой.

рооேродிройி рокோро▒்ро▒ுроо் рооேродிройроо்! -роХ.ро░ாроЬ்роХுрооாро░்


1886-роо் роЖрог்роЯு рооே рооாродроо் 1роо் родேродிропрой்ро▒ு роЪிроХாроХோ роироХро░ிро▓் родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│் 8 роорогி роиேро░роо் ро╡ேро▓ை роХேроЯ்роЯு роироЯрод்родிроп роороХрод்родாрой ро╡ேро▓ை роиிро▒ுрод்родрок் рокோро░ாроЯ்роЯрод்родிрой் роЕроЯைропாро│рооே роЗрой்ро▒ு роЙро▓роХроо் рооுро┤ு ро╡родுроо் рооே родிройрооாроХ роХொрог்роЯாроЯрок்рокроЯு роХிро▒родு. роЗрок்рокோро░ாроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▒்роХு родро▓ைрооை родாроЩ்роХிроп родோро┤ро░்роХро│் роЖро▓்рокро░்роЯ் рокாро░் роЪрой்ро╕், роЖроХро╕்роЯு ро╕்рокைро╕், роЬாро░்роЬ் роПроЩ் роХро▓், роЕроЯாро▓்рок் рокிроЯ்роЪро░் роЖроХிропோро░் родроЩ் роХро│родு роЗрой்ройுропிро░ை роЗродро▒்роХாроХ ро╡ிро▓ை ропாроХ родро░ро╡ேрог்роЯிропிро░ுрои்родродு. родொро┤ிро▓ா ро│ро░் родро▓ைро╡ро░்роХро│் рооீродு роХொро▓ைроХ் роХுро▒்ро▒роо் роЪுроород்родрок்рокроЯ்роЯு, рооро░рог родрог் роЯройை ро╡ிродிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு.

1886-роо் роЖрог்роЯு рооே рооாродроо் 1-роо் родேродிропрой்ро▒ு роЪிроХாроХோ роироХро░ிро▓் 40 роЖропி ро░род்родிро▒்роХுроо் рооேро▒்рокроЯ்роЯ родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│் ро╡ேро▓ை роиிро▒ுрод்родрод்родிро▓் роИроЯுрокроЯ்роЯройро░். роЕродрой் роТро░ு рокроХுродிропாроХ роХாро░்рооிроХ் ро╣ாро░் ро╡ெро╕்роЯро░் роОрой்ро▒ роХроо்рокெройிропிрой் рооுрой் ройாро▓் родிро░рог்роЯிро░ுрои்род 500 родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░் роХро│ிроЯைропிро▓் родோро┤ро░் роЖроХро╕்роЯு ро╕்рокைро╕் роЙро░ைропாро▒்ро▒ிроХ் роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрои்родாро░். роЕрооைродிропாрой рооுро▒ைропிро▓் роироЯைрокெро▒் ро▒ுроХ் роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрои்род роЗрои்род роХூроЯ்роЯрод்родை роХாро╡ро▓்родுро▒ைропிройро░் роХрог்рооூроЯிрод்родрой рооாроХ родாроХ்роХிройро░். роЗродிро▓் роТро░ு родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ி роХொро▓்ро▓рок்рокроЯ்роЯாро░். роРро╡ро░் рокроЯுроХாропрооுро▒்ро▒ ройро░். рокро▓ро░் родாроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯройро░். роЗрои்род роЕроЯроХ்роХு рооுро▒ைропை роХрог்роЯிрод்родு роЕрой்ро▒ு роЗро░ро╡ு, роЪிроХாроХோ роироХро░ிрой் рооைропрок் рокроХுродிропிро▓் роЙро│்ро│ ро╣ே рооாро░்роХெроЯ் роОрой்ро▒ роЗроЯрод்родிро▓் роХрог்роЯройроХ் роХூроЯ்роЯроо் роироЯைрокெро▒்ро▒родு. роЗроХ் роХூроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▓் родோро┤ро░்роХро│் роЖроХро╕்роЯு ро╕்рокைро╕், роЖро▓்рокро░்роЯ் рокாро░்ро╕рой்ро╕், роЪாрооு ро╡ேро▓் рокீро▓்роЯрой் роЖроХிропோро░் роХро▓рои்родு роХொрог்роЯройро░். роЪிро▒ிродு роиேро░род்родிро▓் рооро┤ை рокெроп்роп роЖро░роо்рокிрод்родுро╡ிроЯ்роЯродாро▓் роЗро▒ுродி роХроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▓் роЪுрооாро░் 200 родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░் роХро│் роороЯ்роЯுрооே роЗро░ுрои்родройро░். роЪாрооுро╡ேро▓் рокீро▓்роЯрой் рокேроЪிроХ்роХொрог்роЯிро░ுрои்родрокோродு, роЬாрой்рокோрой் рокீро▓்роЯு роОрой்ро▒ роЕродிроХாро░ிропிрой் родро▓ைрооைропிро▓், 180-роХ்роХுроо் рооேро▒்рокроЯ்роЯ роХாро╡ро▓்родுро▒ைропிройро░் роХூроЯ்роЯрод்родிройро░ை ро╡ро│ைрод்родு роЙроЯройроЯிропாроХ роХро▓ைрои்родு рокோроХுроо்рокроЯி роЙрод்родро░ро╡ிроЯ்роЯройро░். роЪிро▒ிродு роиேро░род்родிро▓் роЕроЩ்роХு роХро▓ро╡ро░роо் ро╡ெроЯிрод்родродு. роЕрок்рокோродு родிроЯீро░ெрой்ро▒ு роХாро╡ро▓்родுро▒ை ропிройро░் рооீродு роТро░ு роХைропெро▒ி роХுрог்роЯு ро╡рои்родு ро╡ிро┤ுрои்родродு. роЕродிро▓் роТро░ுро╡ро░் роЙропி ро░ிро┤рои்родாро░். 70-роХ்роХுроо் рооேро▒்рокроЯ்роЯோро░் роХாропроороЯைрои்родройро░். роЗродройை родொроЯро░்рои்родு роХாро╡ро▓்родுро▒ைропிройро░் родுрок்рокாроХ்роХிропாро▓் роХூроЯ்роЯрод்родை роиோроХ்роХி роЪுроЯ்роЯройро░். роЗродிро▓் рокро▓ родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│் роЙропிро░ிро┤рои்родройро░்.

роЙро░ிрооைроХ் роХுро░ро▓்

роЗрои்род роХро▓ро╡ро░род்родை роХாро░рогроо் роХாроЯ்роЯி родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│ிрой் родро▓ைро╡ро░் роХро│் роХைродு роЪெроп்ропрок்рокроЯ்роЯройро░். 1886-роо் роЖрог்роЯு рооே 1-роо் родேродி роХைродு роЪெроп்ропрок் рокроЯ்роЯு роТро░ு роЖрог்роЯிро▒்роХு рооேро▓ாроХ роиீродிроорой் ро▒род்родிро▓் ро╡ிроЪாро░рогை роЪெроп்ропрок் рокроЯ்роЯு, 1887-роо் роЖрог்роЯு роиро╡роо்рокро░் рооாродроо் 11-роо்родேродி роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் родூроХ்роХிро▓ிроЯрок்рокроЯ்роЯ ройро░். рооேро▒்роХрог்роЯ роиாрой்роХு родோро┤ро░்роХро│ு роЯрой், роЕроЯாро▓்рок் рокிроЯ்роЪро░், рооைроХ்роХேро▓் ро╕்ро╡ாро░்рок், роЪாрооுро╡ெро▓் рокீро▓்роЯрой், ро▓ூропிро╕் ро▓ிроЩ்роХ் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் роЖро╕்роХро░் роиீрок் роЖроХிроп родோро┤ро░் роХро│ுроо் ро╡ро┤роХ்роХிро▓் роЪேро░்роХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯройро░். роЗро╡ро░்роХро│ிро▓் роЖро╕்роХро░் роиீрок் роОрой்ро▒ родோро┤ ро░ுроХ்роХு 15 ро╡ро░ுроЯроо் роЪிро▒ை родрог்роЯройை ро╡ிродிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. рооро▒்ро▒ родோро┤ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு рооро░рог родрог் роЯройை ро╡ிродிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. роЗрои்род родீро░்рок்рокுроХ்роХு роЙро▓роХроо் рооுро┤ுро╡родுроо் роХроЯுрооைропாрой роОродிро░்рок்рокு роХிро│роо்рокிропродு. роЖроЩ்роХாроЩ்роХே рокோро░ாроЯ்роЯроЩ்роХро│் роироЯை рокெро▒்ро▒рой. роЗродрой் ро╡ிро│ைро╡ாроХ ро╕்ро╡ாро░்рок் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் рокீро▓்роЯрой் роЖроХிропோро░ுроХ்роХு рооро░рог родрог்роЯройை роЖропுро│் родрог்роЯройைропாроХ рооாро▒்ро▒рок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. родோро┤ро░்роХро│் роЖро▓்рокро░்роЯ் рокாро░்роЪрой்ро╕், роЖроХро╕்роЯு ро╕்рокைро╕், роЬாро░்роЬ் роПроЩ்роХро▓், роЕроЯாро▓்рок் рокிроЯ்роЪро░், роЖроХிропோро░் 1887-роо் роЖрог்роЯு роиро╡роо்рокро░் рооாродроо் 11рои்родேродிропрой்ро▒ு родூроХ்роХிро▓ிроЯрок்рокроЯ் роЯройро░். ро▓ூропிро╕் ро▓ிроЩ்роХ் роОрой்ро▒ родோро┤ро░் роЪிро▒ை ропிро▓ேропே родрой்ройைрод்родாройே рооாроп்род்родுроХ் роХொрог்роЯாро░்.

роиீродிроорой்ро▒род்родிро▓்

роЙро░ிрооைроХ் роХுро░ро▓்

роЪிроХாроХோ роироХро░ родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░் роХро│ுроХ்роХு 8 роорогி роиேро░роо் ро╡ேро▓ை роХேроЯ்роЯு роироЯைрокெро▒்ро▒ рокோро░ாроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▒்роХு родро▓ைрооை родாроЩ்роХி роироЯрод்родிроп родோро┤ро░் роХро│ிро▓் рооுродрой்рооைропாройро╡ро░் родோро┤ро░் роЖроХро╕்роЯு ро╕்рокைро╕் роЖро╡ாро░். роиீродிроорой் ро▒род்родிро▓் роЗро╡ро░் рооீродு роХுро▒்ро▒роо் роЪுроород்родி ро╡ாродா роЯிроп роЕро░роЪு ро╡ро┤роХ்роХுро░ைроЮро░், ‘роЖропிро░роо் роЖропிро░роо் родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░் роЗро╡ро░் рокிрой்ройாро▓் роЕрогிродிро░рог்роЯродே роЗро╡ро░் роЪெроп்род рооுродрой் рооைропாрой роХுро▒்ро▒роо்’ роОрой ро╡ாродிроЯ்роЯாро░். роЖроХро╕்роЯ் ро╕்рокைро╕ோ, ‘роЗрои்род роХுро▒்ро▒роЪ் роЪாроЯ்роЯே родройроХ்роХு родро▒்роХாрок்рокு ро╡ாродрооாроХ роЕрооைрои்родு ро╡ிроЯ்роЯродு” роОрой роОродிро░்ро╡ாродроо் роЪெроп்родாро░். роХாро╡ро▓ро░்роХро│் рооீродு родாрой் роХுрог்роЯு ро╡ீроЪிропродாроХ роЕро░роЪு родро░рок்рокிро▓் роХுро▒்ро▒роо் роЪுроород்родрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு роЗродрой்рооூро▓роо் рокொроп் роОрой роиிро░ூрокிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯுро╡ிроЯ்роЯродாроХ ро╡ாродிроЯ் роЯாро░். роХாро╡ро▓ро░்роХро│் рооீродு ро╡ீроЪрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роХுрог்роЯு родрой்ройாро▓் роЙрог்рооைропிро▓் ро╡ீроЪрок்рокроЯ்роЯி ро░ுрои்родாро▓் роЕродை роиீродிроорой்ро▒род்родிро▓் роПро▒் ро▒ுроХ்роХொро│்ро╡родிро▓் родройроХ்роХு роОрои்родро╡ிрод родропроХ்роХрооுроо் роХிроЯைропாродு роОрой்ро▒ு родைро░ி ропрод்родோроЯு роЙро░ைрод்родாро░்.

рооро▒்ро▒ொро░ு родோро┤ро░் роЖро▓்рокро░்роЯ் рокро░் ро╕рой் роиீродிроорой்ро▒род்родிро▓் ро╡ாродாроЯுроХைропிро▓், рооро░роо் роХройிроХро│ாро▓் роЕро▒ிропрок்рокроЯுро╡родைрок் рокோро▓் родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│், рокோро░்роХ்роХுрогроо் рооро▒்ро▒ுроо் родிропாроХрод்родிрой் рооூро▓роо் родроЩ்роХро│родு роЙрог்рооைропாрой родро▓ைро╡ро░்роХро│ை роЕроЯைропாро│роо் роХрог்роЯுроХொро│்ро╡ாро░்роХро│். родроЩ்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЕро│ிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯுроо் рооро░рог родрог்роЯройை родீрок்рокொро▒ிропாроХ роЙро▓роХроо் рооுро┤ுро╡родுроо் рокро░ро╡ுроо் роОрой роЖро░்рок்рокро░ிрод்родாро░்.

роЖро╕்роХро░் роиீрокி роОрой்ро▒ родோро┤ро░், роХро▓ ро╡ро░роо் ро╡ிро│ைро╡ிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ роЗроЯрод்родிро▓் роироЯрои்род роХூроЯ்роЯрод்родிро▒்роХு родாрой் родро▓ைрооை ро╡роХிрод்родேрой் роОрой்ро▒ роЙрог்рооைропை роЗрои்род роиீродிроорой்ро▒род்родிро▓் роТрок்рокுроХ் роХொро│்ро╡ родாроХро╡ுроо், 8 роорогி роиேро░роо் ро╡ேро▓ை роХேроЯ்роЯு рокோро░ாроЯிроп родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХ ро│ுроХ்роХு роиாрой் родро▓ை ро╡рой் роОрой்ро▒ு роЪொро▓்ро▓ிроХ் роХொро│்ро╡родிро▓் рокெро░ுрооைрок் рокроЯுро╡родாроХро╡ுроо் роЙро░ைрод்родாро░்.

роЕроЯாро▓்рок் рокிроЯ்роЪро░் роОрой்ро▒ родோро┤ро░் роиீродி роорой்ро▒род்родிро▓் роЙро│்ро│ роХாро╡ро▓ро░்роХро│ைрок் рокாро░்род்родு роОро│்ро│ி роироХைропாроЯி роЗро╡ро░்роХро│ா роЪроЯ்роЯрод்родிрой் роХாро╡ро▓ро░்роХро│்? роЗро╡ро░்роХро│் родிро░ு роЯро░்роХро│். роЕроЯுрод்родро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் роЪொрод்родிройை роЕрокроХро░ிрок்рокро╡ро░்роХро│் роОрой роОроХ்роХாро│рооிроЯ்роЯாро░்.

родோро┤ро░் рооைроХ்роХேро▓் ро╕்ро╡ாрок், роиீродி роорой்ро▒род்родிро▓் родроЩ்роХро│ுроЯைроп роиோроХ்роХроо் роХро▓роХроо் ро╡ிро│ைро╡ிрок்рокродு роЕро▓்ро▓, роЪோроЪ ро▓ிроЪрод்родை роЕроЯைро╡родே роОрой்ро▒ு рокிро░роХ роЯройрок்рокроЯுрод்родிройாро░்.

родோро┤ро░் роЬாро░்роЬ் роПроЩ்роХро▓், родொро┤ிро▓ா ро│ро░்роХро│ிрой் родேро╡ை, ро╡ேро▓ை, ро░ொроЯ்роЯி, роЕрооைродி, роЗро╡ை рооூрой்ро▒ுродாрой். роЗродு роХூроЯ роЗро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு роЗрой்ро▒ு роЙрод்родро░ро╡ா родрок்рокроЯுрод்родрок்рокроЯро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை роОрой்ро▒ு рооுро┤роХ்роХ рооிроЯ்роЯாро░்.

родோро┤ро░் роЪாрооுро╡ேро▓் рокீро▓்роЯрой் роиீродி роорой்ро▒род்родிро▓் роЙро░ைропாро▒்ро▒ுроХைропிро▓், роиாроЩ் роХро│் роЪோроЪро▓ிроЪрод்родைрок் рокேроЪிройாро▓் роЪிро▓ро░் рокропрок்рокроЯுроХிро▒ாро░்роХро│் роиாроЩ்роХро│் рокிро▒ро░ிрой் роЪொрод்родுроХ்роХро│ை роЪோроЪро▓ிроЪрод்родிрой் рокெроп ро░ிро▓் роЕрокроХро░ிрод்родு ро╡ிроЯுро╡ோроо் роОрой роиிройைроХ் роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│். роЖройாро▓் роЪோроЪро▓ிроЪрод்родிрой் роиோроХ்роХроо் роЕродு роЕро▓்ро▓. ропாро░் роТро░ுро╡ро░் роЗрой்ройொро░ுро╡ро░ுроЯைроп роЪொрод்родுроХ்роХро│ை родிроЯ்роЯрооிроЯ்роЯு рокро▒ிроХ்роХிро▒ாро░்роХро│ோ роЕродை родроЯுрод்родு роиிро▒ுрод்родроХ்роХூроЯிроп роЕрооைрок்рокை роЙро░ுро╡ாроХ்роХுро╡родுродாрой் роЪோроЪро▓ிроЪроо் роОрой ро╡ிро│роХ்роХிройாро░்.

рооுродро▓ாро│ிрод்родுро╡род்родிро▒்роХு роЪாро╡ுроорогி!

роЪுро░рог்роЯрок்рокроЯுроо் родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│ை родிро░роЯ்роЯி, роЪோроЪро▓ிроЪ роЙрогро░்ро╡ுроХро│ை роКроЯ்роЯி рооுродро▓ாро│ிрод்родுро╡ роЕрооைрок்рокிро▒்роХு роОродிро░ாроХ роХிро│ро░்рои்родெро┤роЪ் роЪெроп்ро╡родை роТроЯுроХ்роХро╡ே, роХாро╡ро▓்роХாро░ро░்роХро│ே роХுрог்роЯு ро╡ீроЪி роЪродி роЪெроп்родு, родроЩ்роХро│் рооீродு роХுро▒்ро▒роо் роЪுроород்родி рооро░рог родрог்роЯройை ро╡ро┤роЩ்роХ родிроЯ்роЯрооிроЯ்роЯுро│்ро│ாро░்роХро│் роОрой்ро▒ு родெро░ிрои்родி ро░ுрои்родுроо், рооே родிрой родிропாроХிроХро│் роЪிро▒ிродுроо் роЕроЮ்роЪ ро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. роиீродிроорой்ро▒род்родிро▓் ро╡ாродாроЯுро╡родு рооூро▓роо் родாроЩ்роХро│் родрог் роЯройைропிро▓ிро░ுрои்родு родрок்рокрооுроЯிропுроо் роОрой роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роОродிро░்рокாро░்роХ்роХро╡ிро▓்ро▓ை. роЖройாро▓் роЕрои்родроХ் роХொро▓ைроХ்роХро│род்родை ропுроо் рокிро░роЪ்роЪாро░ рооேроЯைропாроХ рокропрой்рокроЯுрод்родி рооுродро▓ாро│ிрод்родுро╡род்родிрой் рооுроХрооூроЯிропை роХிро┤ிрод்родெро▒ிрои்родு, роЪோроЪро▓ிроЪрод்родிрой் рооேрой் рооைропை родூроХ்роХிрок் рокிроЯிрод்родு, роиீродிроорой்ро▒род் родிро▓் роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роЖро▒்ро▒ிроп роЙро░ைропுроо், роЖродிроХ்роХ роЪроХ்родிроХро│ிрой் родிрогро▒ро▓ைропுроо், ро╡ро░ро▓ாро▒்ро▒ு роЖро╡рогрооாроХ рооாро▒்ро▒ிроп роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் ро╡ீро░род்родை рокோро▒்ро▒ி рокாро░ாроЯ்роЯ ро╡ாро░்род்родை роХро│ே роЗро▓்ро▓ை. роЕро╡ро░்роХро│் роОродிро░்рокாро░்род்родродு рокோро▓ро╡ே роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ுроХ்роХு рооро░рог родрог்роЯройை ро╡ிродிроХ்роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯродு. родீро░род்родுроЯрой் рокோро░ாроЯிроп роЕрои்род родோро┤ро░் роХро│ுроХ்роХு роХிроЯைрод்род рооро░рог родрог்роЯ ройைропே рооுродро▓ாро│ிрод்родுро╡род்родிро▒்роХு роЕроЯிроХ் роХрок்рокроЯ்роЯ рооுродро▓் роЪாро╡ு роорогிропாроХ рооாро▒ி ропродு. роЕро╡ро░்роХро│ிрой் рооро░рогрооே роЙро▓роХрод் родொро┤ிро▓ாро│ро░்роХро│ை роТрой்ро▒ு роЪேро░்род்родிроЯுроо் роороХрод்родாрой роЪроХ்родிропாроХ роЗрой்ро▒ு роЙро░ுро╡ெ роЯுрод்родு роЙро│்ро│родு. рооே родிрой родிропாроХிроХро│் ро╡ாро┤்роХ!